Dr Linden J. Ball's Homepage

General Research Interests

• Thinking and reasoning
• Problem solving and expertise
• Creativity and innovation
• Cognitive processes in design
• Context-dependent memory

Current Research Focus

Dual Processes in Human Reasoning

My reasoning research aims to understand the interplay between implicit, intuitive processes and explicit, analytic processes. Topics of interest include:

• The factors that influence the dominance of intuitive versus analytic processes in reasoning
• The way in which competition and conflict between dual reasoning processes is monitored, detected and resolved
• The implications of dual-process views of reasoning for an understanding of human rationality

Uncertainty and Strategic Shifts in Expert Cognition

Much of my expertise research focuses on design cognition and explores the way in which uncertainty arising from metacognitive awareness of knowledge limitations determines changes in strategic processing. Topics of interest include:

• The influence of uncertainty as a trigger for the deployment of analogising and mental simulation processes
• The role of uncertainty in mediating between design complexity and strategic switches from breadth-first to depth-first modes of design development
• The association between uncertainty and creativity in innovative design contexts

Awards and Prizes

• Winner of the Best Long Paper Award for: Beatty, E., & Ball, L. J. (2011). Investigating exceptional poets to inform an understanding of the relationship between poetry and design. In C.J. Hooper, J-B Martens, & P. Markopoulos (Eds.), Proceedings of the DESIRE'11 Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design. New York, NY: ACM Press.

• Winner of the 2009 Design Studies Award for: Ball, L.J., & Christensen, B.T. (2009). Analogical reasoning and mental simulation in design: Two strategies linked to uncertainty resolution. Design Studies, 20, 169-186.

• Special Commendation awarded for: Litchfield, D., Ball, L.J., Donovan, T., Manning, D.J., & Crawford, T. (2008). Learning from others: Effects of viewing another person's eye movements while searching for chest nodules. Chapter in B. Sahiner, & D.J. Manning (Eds.), Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging 2008: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment, Volume 9, 34. San Diego, CA, USA.

Editorial Roles

• Associate Editor, Journal of Cognitive Psychology.
• Associate Editor, Thinking and Reasoning.
• Editorial Board, CoDesign: International Journal of Co-Creation in Design and the Arts.
• Series Editor, Current Issues in Thinking and Reasoning, Psychology Press.

Committee Memberships

• Honorary Chair, Cognitive Section Committee of the British Psychological Society

Below are Selected Recent Publications

Publications

	Ball, L.J, & Litchfield, D. (forthcoming). Interactivity as a determinant of learning and insight. Chapter in S. Cowley & F. Vallee-Tourangeau (Eds.): Cognition Beyond the Brain: Computation, Interactivity and Languaging. London: Springer.
	Ball, L.J. (in press). Thinking. Chapter in H. Pashler (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Mind. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
	Gale, M., & Ball, L.J. (in press). Contrast class cues and performance facilitation in a hypothesis testing task: Evidence for an iterative counterfactual model. Memory & Cognition, , .
	Ormerod, T.C., Ball, L.J., & Morley, N.J. (in press). Informing the development of a fraud prevention toolset through a situated analysis of fraud investigation expertise. Behaviour & Information Technology, , .
	Stupple, E.J.N. & Ball, L.J. (in press). Normative benchmarks are useful for studying individual differences in reasoning [Commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, , .
	Stupple, E.J.N., Ball, L.J., Evans, J.St.B.T., & Kamal-Smith, E. (in press). When logic and belief collide: Individual differences in reasoning times support a selective processing model. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, , .
	Ball, L. J., Bardsley, N. O., & Ormerod, T. C. (2012). Do preference reversals generalise? Results on ambiguity and loss aversion. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33, 48-57.
	Bearman, C.R., Ormerod, T.C., Ball, L.J., & Deptula, D. (2011). Explaining away the negative effects of evaluation on analogical transfer: The perils of premature evaluation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 942-958.
	Beatty, E., & Ball, L. J. (2011). Investigating exceptional poets to inform an understanding of the relationship between poetry and design. Chapter in C. J. Hooper, J-B Martens, & P. Markopoulos (Eds.): Proceedings of the DESIRE'11 Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design. New York, NY: ACM Press.
	Fleming, P., Ball, L.J., Ormerod, T.C., & Collins, A.F. (2011). Sentence memorability reveals the mental representations involved in processing spatial descriptions. Thinking & Reasoning, 17, 30-56.
	Litchfield, D., & Ball, L.J. (2011). Using another's gaze as an explicit aid to insight problem solving. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 649-656.
	Stupple, E.J.N. & Ball, L.J. (2011). The chronometrics of confirmation bias: Evidence for the inhibition of intuitive judgements [Commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34, 89-90.
	Towse, A.S., Ball, L.J., & Lewis, C.N. (2011). Self-explanation, feedback and the development of analogical reasoning skills. Chapter in N.M. Seel (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. London: Springer.
	Ball, L.J. (2010). The dynamics of reasoning: Chronometric analysis and dual-process theories. Chapter in K. I. Manktelow, D. E. Over, & S. Elqayam (Eds.): The Science of Reason: A Festschrift for Jonathan St.B.T Evans. Hove: Psychology Press.
	Ball, L.J., Hoyle, A.M., & Towse, A.S. (2010). The facilitatory effect of negative feedback on the emergence of analogical reasoning abilities. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28, 583-602.
	Ball, L.J., Onarheim, B., & Christensen, B.T. (2010). Design requirements, epistemic uncertainty and solution development strategies in software design. Design Studies, 13, 567-589.
	Ball, L.J., Shoker, J., & Miles, J.N.V. (2010). Odour-based context-reinstatement effects with indirect measures of memory: The curious case of rosemary. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 655-678.
	Beatty, E., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Poetic design: An exploration of the parallels between expert poetry composition and innovative design practice. Chapter in B.T. Christensen, S. Boztepe, & T. Kristensen (Eds.): Proceedings of the DESIRE'10 Conference - Creativity and Innovation in Design. New York, NY: ACM Press.
	Beatty, E., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Poetry and design: Disparate domains but similar processes. Chapter in T. Taura & Y. Nagai (Eds.): Design Creativity 2010. London: Springer.
	Beatty, E., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Gaining insights from poetic collaboration as a way to inform teamwork in technological design. Chapter in : Adjunct Proceedings of the First International Conference on Design Creativity - ICDC 2010. Kobe, Japan.
	Beatty, E., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Poetic design: An investigation of expert poets and their creative processes. Chapter in K. Doorst, S. Stewart, I. Staudinger, B. Paton, & A. Dong (Eds.): Proceedings of the Eighth Design Thinking Research Symposium - DTRS8. University of Technology, Sydney: DAB documents.
	Elvish, J., Simpson, J., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Which clinical and demographic factors predict poor insight in individuals with obsessions and/or compulsions? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 231-237.
	Evans, J.St.B.T., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Do people reason on the Wason selection task? A new look at the data of Ball et al. (2003). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 434-441.
	Howe, M. L., Garner, S. R., Dewhurst, S. A., & Ball, L. J. (2010). Can false memories prime problem solutions? Cognition, 117, 176-181.
	Lin, S., Taïani, F., Ormerod, T.C., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Towards anomaly comprehension: Using structural compression to navigate profiling call trees. Chapter in : ACM Symposium on Software Visualization-SOFTVIS 2010. New York, NY: ACM Press.
	Litchfield, D., Ball, L.J., Donovan, T., Manning, D.J., & Crawford, T. (2010). Viewing another person's eye movements improves identification of pulmonary nodules in chest x-ray inspection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16, 251-262.
	Sas, C., Luchian, E., & Ball, L.J. (2010). Investigating visual analogies for visual insight problems Chapter in B.T. Christensen, S. Boztepe, & T. Kristensen (Eds.): Proceedings of the DESIRE'10 Conference - Creativity and Innovation in Design. Aarhus, Denmark.
	Tseng, W.S.W., & Ball, L.J. (2010). How uncertainty helps sketch interpretation in a design task. Chapter in T. Taura & Y. Nagai (Eds.): Design Creativity 2010. London: Springer.
	Wilkinson, M. R., Ball, L. J., & Cooper, R. (2010). Arbitrating between Theory-Theory and Simulation Theory: Evidence from a think-aloud study of counterfactual reasoning. Chapter in S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.): Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, Texas: Cognitive Science Society.
	Ball, L. J., & Stevens, A. (2009). Evidence for a verbally-based analytic component to insight problem solving. Chapter in N. Taatgen and H. van Rijn, J. (Eds.): Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, Texas: Cognitive Science Society.
	Ball, L.J., & Christensen, B.T. (2009). Analogical reasoning and mental simulation in design. Chapter in J. McDonnell, & P. Lloyd (Eds.): About: Designing - Analysing Design Meetings. London: Taylor & Francis.
	Ball, L.J., & Christensen, B.T. (2009). Analogical reasoning and mental simulation in design: Two strategies linked to uncertainty resolution. Design Studies, 20, 169-186.
	Ball, L.J., & Quayle, J.D (2009). Phonological and visual distinctiveness effects in syllogistic reasoning: Implications for mental models theory. Memory & Cognition, 37, 759-768.
	Gale, M., & Ball, L.J. (2009). Exploring the determinants of dual goal facilitation in a rule discovery task. Thinking and Reasoning, 15, 294-315.
	Richardson, M., & Ball, L. J. (2009). Internal representations, external representations and ergonomics: Toward a theoretical integration. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 10, 335-376.
	Cheshire, A., Ball, L.J., & Lewis, C.N. (2008). Analogy as relational priming: The challenge of self-reflection [Commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 381-382.
	Kinder, K.E, Ball, L.J, & Busby, J.S. (2008). Ubiquitous technologies, cultural logics and paternalism in industrial workplaces. Poiesis and Praxis: International Journal of Technology Assessment and Ethics of Science, 5, 265-290.
	Litchfield, D., Ball, L.J., Donovan, T., Manning, D.J., & Crawford, T. (2008). Learning from others: Effects of viewing another person's eye movements while searching for chest nodules. Chapter in B. Sahiner, & D.J. Manning (Eds.): Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging 2008: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment, Volume 9, 34. San Diego, CA, USA.
	Stupple, E.J.N., & Ball, L.J. (2008). Belief-logic conflict resolution in syllogistic reasoning: Inspection-time evidence for a parallel-process model. Thinking and Reasoning, 14, 168-181.
	Ball, L. J., Sasse, A., Sas, C., Ormerod, T. C., Dix. A., Bagnall, P., and McEwan, T. (Eds.). (2007). People and Computers XXI - HCI... but not as we know it: Proceedings of HCI 2007. Swindon: The British Computer Society.
	Ball, L.J., & Alford, D. (2007). What determines the acceptability of deontic health and safety rules? Chapter in D. McNamara, & G. Trafton (Eds.): Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Alpha, NJ: Sheridan Printing.
	Bearman, C.R., Ball, L.J., & Ormerod, T.C. (2007). The structure and function of spontaneous analogising in domain-based problem solving. Thinking and Reasoning, 13, 273-294.
	Cheshire, A., Muldoon, K.P., Francis, B., Lewis, C.N., & Ball, L.J. (2007). Modelling change: New opportunities in the analysis of microgenetic data. Infant and Child Development, 16, 119-134.
	Eger, N., Ball, L. J., Stevens, R., & Dodd, J. (2007). Cueing retrospective verbal reports in usability testing through eye-movement replay. Chapter in L. J. Ball, M. A. Sasse, C. Sas, T. C. Ormerod, A. Dix, P. Bagnall, & T. McEwan (Eds.): People and Computers XXI - HCI... but not as we know it: Proceedings of HCI 2007. Swindon: The British Computer Society.
	Kortuem, G., Alford, D., Ball, L.J., Busby, J.S., Davies, N., Efstratiou, C., M., Finney, J., Iszatt White, & Kinder, K. (2007). Sensor networks or smart artifacts? An exploration of organizational issues of an industrial health and safety monitoring system. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4717, 465-482.
	Mead, K.M.L., & Ball, L.J. (2007). Music tonality and context-dependent recall: The influence of key change and mood mediation. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19, 59-79.
	Ormerod, T.C., & Ball, L.J. (2007). Qualitative methods in cognitive psychology. Chapter in C. Willig & W. Stainton Rogers (Eds.): The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
	Quayle, J.D., & Ball, L.J. (2007). Effects of visual and phonological distinctiveness on syllogistic reasoning. Chapter in D. McNamara, & G. Trafton (Eds.): Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Alpha, NJ: Sheridan Printing.
	Simpson, J., Cove, J., Fineberg, N., Msetfi, R., & Ball, L.J. (2007). Reasoning in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 397-411.
	Stupple, E.J.N., & Ball, L.J. (2007). Figural effects in a syllogistic evaluation paradigm: An inspection-time analysis. Experimental Psychology, 54, 120-127.
	Ball, L.J., Eger, N., Stevens, R., & Dodd, J. (2006). Applying the post-experience eye-tracked protocol (PEEP) method in usability testing. Interfaces, 67, 15-19.
	Ball, L.J., Phillips, P., Wade, C.N., & Quayle, J.D. (2006). Effects of belief and logic on syllogistic reasoning: Eye-movement evidence for selective processing models. Experimental Psychology, 53, 77-86.
	Fleming, P., Ball, L. J., Ormerod, T. C., & Collins, A. F. (2006). Analogue versus propositional representation in congenitally blind individuals. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 13, 1049-1055.
	Gale, M., & Ball, L.J. (2006). Dual-goal facilitation in Wason's 2-4-6 task: What mediates successful rule discovery? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 873-885.
	Morley, N.J., Ball, L.J., & Ormerod, T.C. (2006). How the detection of insurance fraud succeeds and fails. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 12, 163-180.
	O'Donnell, R., Dix, A., & Ball, L.J. (2006). Exploring the PieTree for representing numerical hierarchical data. Chapter in N. Bryan-Kinns, A. Blandford, P. Curzon, & L. Nigay (Eds.): People and Computers XX - Engage: Proceedings of HCI 2006. London: Springer-Verlag Ltd.
	Poole, A., & Ball, L.J. (2006). Eye tracking in HCI and usability research. Chapter in C. Ghaoui (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Pennsylvania: Idea Group, Inc.